What is a result of specialization among individuals and nations?

Specialization among individuals and nations refers to the focus on producing specific goods or services that a party can provide most efficiently. This leads to increased interdependence because as different parties specialize, they become reliant on each other for different goods and services. For example, if one country specializes in technology and another in agriculture, they will depend on each other's production to meet their overall needs. This interdependence fosters cooperation and trade, as each party seeks to exchange what they produce best for what they need.

In contrast, increased competition generally arises when multiple parties vie for the same market, and specialization tends to minimize direct competition by allowing parties to carve out niches. Increased independence and decreased reliance are actions contrary to the fundamental concept of specialization that encourages trade and mutual dependency based on varying strengths. Hence, the correct answer highlights the natural outcome of specialization within economies.